Myricanol Derivatives and Uses Thereof for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

ABSTRACT

The subject invention pertains to myricanol derivatives, therapeutic compositions, and methods for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, neurodegenerative dieses associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/993,232, filed May 30, 2018; which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/414,242, filed Jan. 24, 2017; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/390,960, filed Oct. 6, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,598,338, issued Mar. 21, 2017; which is the U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/035628, filed Apr. 8, 2013; which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. Nos. 61/621,278, filed Apr. 6, 2012; and 61/678,409, filed Aug. 1, 2012; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Intracellular aggregation of abnormal species of phosphorylated tau (protein tau) is a major pathologic feature of a family of neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as the tauopathies. Tau normally functions to stabilize microtubules in neurons; however, it pathologically aggregates more than 15 neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. The most common tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease, in which paired helical filaments (PHFs) of mis-folded protein tau aggregates in neurofibrillary tangles, in dystrophic neuritis of senile plaques, and in cell processes in the neuropil. Abnormal accumulation of protein tau is closely linked with postsymptomatic progression in Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal accumulation of protein tau in the cytoplasm of neuronal and glial cells also represents major structural hallmarks in the pathology of Pick's disease, corticobasal degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy.

At present, researchers on the development of therapeutics for tauopathies focus primarily on agents that inhibit abnormal phosphorylation or aggregation of tau proteins. However, it has been discovered that while aggregation of hyperphosphorylated protein tau is visible evidence of tauopathies, these neurofibrillary tangles appear to be less toxic than soluble intermediates of protein tau. High levels of tau intermediates, particularly aberrant tau species failed to be cleared from cells, cause cognitive dysfunction in AD and tauopathies. Therefore, agents that degrade or destabilize tau intermediates, clear aberrant tau species from cells, or otherwise reduce intracellular tau levels, are promising therapeutics for AD and tauopathies.

Existing therapeutics for the treatment tauopathies (such as AD) only demonstrate limited efficacy. Additional therapeutics for the treatment of tauopathies are needed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention provides myricanol derivatives for treating neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau.

In certain specific embodiments, the subject invention provides myricanol derivatives for treating neurodegenerative diseases, wherein the myricanol derivatives are selected from

Compound 22 and Compound 23:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO:1 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 352) useful according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO:2 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 441) useful according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO:3 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 383) useful according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO:4 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 758) useful according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO:5 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 776) useful according to the subject invention.

SEQ ID NO:6 is an amino acid sequence of a tau protein isoform (tau 412) useful according to the subject invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject invention provides myricanol derivatives for treating neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau.

Compounds

In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides compounds 1-34, or salts thereof (as shown in Table 1).

Molecular Compound Structure Weight Name/sample names Results 1

358.4281 Myricanol/Myr-R-1-G/BBtol-F/ BBtol-F-E moderate activity 2

356.4123 myricanone 3

344.4016 Myricananin A 4

372.4117 Porson 5

454.5122 Myricanol triacetate 6

446.4041 4-[5′-(3-carboxypropanoyl)-4,4′- dihydroxy-2′,6-dimethoxy[1,1′- biphenyl]-3-yl]-4-oxobutanoic acid 7

374.4275 Hexahydrocurcumin 8

372.4117 Tetrahydrocurcumin 9

338.3539 Demethoxycurcumin active 10

308.3279 Bisdemethoxycurcumin active 11

350.4923 [10]-Gingerol Active 12

322.4391 [8]-Gingerol 13

294.3859 [6]-Gingerol 14

596.8369 Myricanol 11-monopalmitate/ Myr-R-1-E 15

833.2729 Myricanol 11,17-dipalmitate/ Myr-R-3-E-4 16

596.8369 myricanol 17-palmitate/Myr-R- 3-F 17

596.8369 myricanol 5-palmitate/Myr-R-3- E-2 18

340.4129 Myricacene A (trans)/Myr-R-9-4; Myr-16-13-4 active 19

340.4129 Myricacene B (trans)/Myr-R-9-2- 8; Myr-R-16-15 active 20

576.8488 Myricacene B (trans) 5- palmitate/ Myr-R20-2 21

340.4129 Myricacene A (cis)/Myr-R-9-2-4; Myr-R-16-13-2 moderately active 22

340.4129 Myricacene B (cis)/Myr-R-9-2-6 active 23

340.4129 Myr-R-16-6 very active 24

340.4129 Myr-R-16-4-2 active 25

344.4016 Myr-R-21-4-2 26

344.4016 Myr-R-21-4-4 27

330.3750 Myr-R-21-2 28

372.4117 Myr-R-25-2/Myr-R-26-2 29

464.5485 Myr-R-25-8 30

372.4117 Myr-R-27-2 31

386.4813 Dimethylmyricanol/Myr-R-31 32

400.5079 Trimethylmyricanol/Myr-R-33-4 33

368.4660 Dimethylmyricacene/Myr-R-32- 2 34

312.3597 Myr-R30-2

In certain embodiments, the subject invention pertains to the uses of Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, Compound 18, Compound 19, Compound 21, Compound 22, Compound 23, and Compound 24, and salts thereof, for treating neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau.

In certain specific embodiments, the subject invention pertains to the uses of compounds 22 and 23, or salts thereof, for treating neurodegenerative diseases, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula A, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula B, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula C, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula D, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula E, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₈ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula F, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula G, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₃ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula H, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula I, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₃ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula J, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula K, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides an isolated or substantially pure compound of formula L, or a salt thereof,

wherein R₁-R₄ are, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond.

In certain embodiments, one or more of R₁-R₈ of formula A or formula L can be, —H, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, —COOH, acyl, benzyl, or cyclic alkyl. In certain embodiments, any or all of R₁-R₈ have fewer than 6 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, one or more of R₁-R₈ of formula A or formula L can be an organic or inorganic acid group including, but not limited to, acetic acid, carboxylic acid, aspartic acid, formic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, malic acid, mucic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and lactic acid.

In certain embodiments, one or more of R₁-R₈ of formula A or formula L can be a carbohydrate moiety, in which a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or its derivative loses an —H in its hydroxyl group and thereby forms a radical. Suitable carbohydrate moieties can be derived, for example, from glucose, fructose, and sucrose.

The compounds of the present invention can be synthesized. In preferred embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are at least 75% pure, preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably are more than 95% pure, and most preferably are more than 99% pure (substantially pure).

As used herein, “isolated” refers to compounds that have been removed from any environment in which they may exist in nature.

The present invention further embodies stereoisomers of the compounds of formula A or formula L. The term “stereoisomer” encompasses all enantiomerically/stereomerically pure and enantiomerically/stereomerically enriched compounds disclosed herein.

The enantiomeric forms of the compounds (e.g., isolated or chemically synthesized) of the invention are substantially free from one another (i.e., in enantiomeric excess). In other words, the “+” forms of the compounds are substantially free from the “−” forms of the compounds. Conversely, “−” forms of the compounds are substantially free of “+” forms of the compounds. In one embodiment of the invention, the enantiomeric compounds are in at least about 80% of the “+” forms. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 90% of the “+” forms. In a more preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 95% of the “+” forms. In an even more preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 97.5% of the “+” forms. In a most preferred embodiment, the compounds are in at least about 99% of the “+” forms.

“Alkyl” means a linear saturated monovalent radical of one to sixteen carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent of three to sixteen carbon atoms. It may include hydrocarbon radicals of one to four or one to three carbon atoms, which may be linear. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and the like.

“Alkenyl” means a linear or branched C₂-C₁₆ hydrocarbon radical that comprises one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples include propylenyl, buten-1-yl, isobutenyl, penten-1-yl, 2,2-methylbuten-1-yl, 3-methylbuten-1-yl, hexan-1-yl, hepten-1-yl, octen-1-yl, and the like.

“Acyl” means a radical —C(O)R where R is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. Examples include formyl, acetyl, ethylcarbonyl, and the like.

“Carboxyl” means the radical —C(O)OH.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” means alkyl substituted with one or more same or different halo atoms, e.g., —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CCl₃, and the like.

“Hydroxy” means the radical —OH.

“Hydroxyalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined herein, substituted with one or more, preferably one, two or three hydroxy groups. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl) -2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl, 2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-propyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl and 1-(hydroxymethyl) 2-hydroxyethyl.

“Substituted,” as used herein, refers to a compound or chemical moiety in which at least one hydrogen atom of that compound or chemical moiety is replaced with a second chemical moiety. In certain embodiments, substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen; alkyl; heteroalkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; hydroxyl, aryl, hydroxyalkyl, heteroaryl, hydroxy; alkoxyl; amino; nitro; thiol; carbocyclic cycloalkyl, amino (primary, secondary or tertiary); o-lower alkyl; o-aryl, aryl; aryl-lower alkyl.

In one embodiment, the subject invention pertains to the therapeutic use of Compound 22, Compound 23, and Compound 24:

In one embodiment, the subject invention pertains to the therapeutic use of the following isomer of Compound 23:

Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention, through administration to a subject, are useful for treating or ameliorating neurodegenerative diseases or conditions, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases or conditions associated with abnormally high levels of protein tau and/or abnormal accumulation of protein tau in neurons. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the subject invention are useful to treat or ameliorate Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition, particularly a disease or condition associated with abnormally high levels of protein tau and/or abnormal accumulation of protein tau in neurons, wherein the method comprises administering, to a subject in need of such treatment, an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound selected from Compound 9, Compound 10, Compound 11, Compound 18, Compound 19, Compound 21, Compound 22, Compound 23, and Compound 24, or a salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease or condition, particularly a disease or condition associated with abnormally high levels of protein tau and/or abnormal accumulation of protein tau in neurons, wherein the method comprises administering, to a subject in need of such treatment, an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound selected from any of formula A or formula L, or a salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the subject invention provides a method of reducing intracellular tau levels, wherein said method comprises administering, to cells comprising protein tau, an effective amount of a compound of formula A to formula L.

In one embodiment, the following isomer of Compound 23 is administered to a subject having a neurodegenerative disease or condition, particularly a disease or condition associated with abnormally high levels of protein tau and/or abnormal accumulation of protein tau in neurons,

The term “subject,” as used herein, describes an organism, including mammals such as primates, to which treatment with the compositions according to the subject invention can be administered. Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods of treatment include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; and other animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Typically, the subject is a human.

The term “tau protein” or any grammatical variation thereof (e.g., protein tau and tau etc.), as used herein, refers generally to any protein of the microtubule-associated tau protein family. Members of the tau family share the common features of a characteristic N-terminal segment, sequences of approximately 50 amino acids inserted in the N-terminal segment, a characteristic tandem repeat region consisting of 3 or 4 tandem repeats of 31-32 amino acids, and a C-terminal tail. Tau proteins of the subject invention may be in a form of soluble tau intermediates, functional, aberrant, abnormally-truncated, mis-folded or mis-processed tau, and phosphorylated tau.

Preferably, tau protein of the subject invention is of mammalian origin, more preferably, of human origin. Specifically, tau proteins of the subject invention include microtubule-associated protein translated from the human chromosomal sequence of GenBank Accession No. AH005895 and naturally-occurring mammalian variants or isoforms thereof. Six human brain tau isoforms are currently known, including tau352 (GenBank Accession No. NP_058525) (SEQ ID NO:1), tau441 (GenBank Accession No. NP_005901) (SEQ ID NO:2), tau383 (GenBank Accession No. NP_058518) (SEQ ID NO:3), tau758 (GenBank Accession No. NP_058519) (SEQ ID NO:4), tau776 (GenBank Accession No. NP_001116538) (SEQ ID NO:5), and tau412 (GenBank Accession No. NP_001116539) (SEQ ID NO:6).

The term “treatment” or any grammatical variation thereof (e.g., treat, treating and treatment etc.), as used herein, includes but is not limited to, ameliorating or alleviating a symptom of a disease or condition, reducing, suppressing, inhibiting, lessening, or affecting the progression, severity, and/or scope of a condition, chance of re-occurrence or returning of a disease after a remission. For instance, the term “treatment” includes (i) ameliorating a symptom associated with a neurodegenerative disease in a patient diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease; and/or (ii) relieving (such as attenuating the progress of) or remedying a neurodegenerative disease in a patient diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease.

In one embodiment, the treatment method of the subject invention reduces tau levels and/or improves tau clearance. Normal, functional tau is less affected by clearance pathways in the cell than aberrant tau. In one embodiment, the treatment method of the subject invention modulates tau clearance by selectively targeting abnormal tau.

In an embodiment, the subject invention provides a method for treating or ameliorating a neurodegenerative disease or condition. The method comprises administering, to a subject in need of such treatment, an effective amount of compounds and compositions of the subject invention.

In an embodiment, the therapeutic composition is administered to a human subject who has symptoms of, or is diagnosed with, a neurodegenerative disease. In preferred embodiments, the therapeutic composition is administered to a human subject who has symptoms of, or is diagnosed with, a neurodegenerative disease associated with abnormal accumulation of protein tau. For instance, the therapeutic composition is administered to a human subject who has elevated levels of soluble protein tau and/or hyperphosphorylated protein tau in the nervous system, such as in the brain or cytoplasm of neuronal and glial cells. In addition, the therapeutic composition is administered to a human subject who exhibits pathologic features such as neurofibrillary tangles or senile plaques in neuronal cells and/or cell processes. In a specific embodiment, the therapeutic composition is administered to a human subject who has symptoms of, or is diagnosed with, Alzheimer's disease.

The identification of subjects who are in need of treatment for a neurodegenerative disease is well within the knowledge and ability of one skilled in the art. By way of example, a clinician skilled in the art can readily identify, by the use of clinical tests, neurologic and physical examination, and medical/family history, those patients who are suffering from a neurodegenerative disease as well as those who are predisposed to developing a neurodegenerative disease and thus readily determine if an individual is in need of treatment of the subject invention. For instance, neurofibrillary tangles or senile plaques present in neuronal cells and/or cell processes can be determined using electron microscopy (EM) or other clinical techniques known in the art. In addition, spinal fluid or cerebral fluid samples or tissues samples from hippocampal tissue or frontal cortex tissue samples may be obtained from a subject and levels of protein tau present in the samples can be determined using routine techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), western blot, and immunological assays.

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount that is capable of inhibiting, treating or ameliorating a disease or condition or otherwise capable of producing an intended therapeutic effect. For instance, the effective amount of the compounds and compositions of the subject invention is an amount capable of reducing levels of protein tau in a subject. In certain embodiments, the effective amount enables a 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99% and 100% reduction of levels of protein tau (e.g. soluble protein tau intermediates and/or aberrant protein tau) in a subject.

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention can be used to treat or ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Pick's disease, fronto temporal dementia, cortico-basal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and Kuru.

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention can also be used to treat or ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases including, but not limited to, Down's syndrome, Argyrophilic grain disease, parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam, non-Guamanian motor neurone disease with NFT, Niemann-Pick disease type C, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, postencephalitic parkinsonism, dementia pugilistica, myotonic dystrophy, prion protein amyloid antipathy, and Hallervorden-Spatz disease.

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention are particularly useful to treat or ameliorate a neurodegenerative disease involving tau pathologies (i.e., tauopathies) including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism, frontotemporal lobe dementia, pallidopontonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system tauopathy, multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia, Wilhelmsen-Lynch disease, Pick's disease, and Pick's disease-like dementia.

Specifically, the compounds and compositions of the subject invention are particularly useful to treat or ameliorate a disease or condition arising, at least in part, from abnormally high levels of protein tau in the nervous system, such as in cytoplasm of neuronal and glial cells and in neuronal and glial cell processes. Thus, the subject invention is particularly useful for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, in which reduction of levels of protein tau in the nervous system would be beneficial.

In addition, the compounds and compositions of the subject invention are useful for alleviating or attenuating symptoms arising from or associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including cognitive dysfunction, impaired memory, impaired mental capacities, emotional disturbances, speech dysfunction, incontinence, tremor, postural instability, rigidity or stiff movement, muscle paralysis, and pain.

Therapeutic Compositions and Formulations

The subject invention further provides therapeutic compositions that contain a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds and compositions and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable”, “physiologically tolerable” and grammatical variations thereof, as used herein, include compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents, are used interchangeably, and represent that the materials are capable of administration to or upon a subject such as mammal.

The term “carrier” refers to an adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum oil such as mineral oil, vegetable oil such as peanut oil, soybean oil, and sesame oil, animal oil, or oil of synthetic origin. Particularly preferred pharmaceutical carriers for treatment of or amelioration of a neurodegenerative disease are carriers that can penetrate the blood/brain barrier.

Suitable carriers also include ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, silica, alumina, starch, sorbitol, inosital, xylitol, D-xylose, mannitol, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium aluminium silicate, aluminium hydroxide, sodium starch phosphate, lecithin, and equivalent carriers and diluents. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.

Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The therapeutic composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary, depending on the type of the condition and the subject to be treated. In general, a therapeutic composition contains from about 5% to about 95% active ingredient (w/w). More specifically, a therapeutic composition contains from about 20% (w/w) to about 80% or about 30% to about 70% active ingredient (w/w).

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention can be formulated according to known methods for preparing pharmaceutically useful compositions. Formulations are described in detail in a number of sources which are well known and readily available to those skilled in the art. For example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science by E. W. Martin describes formulations which can be used in connection with the subject invention. In general, the compositions of the subject invention will be formulated such that an effective amount of the bioactive compound(s) is combined with a suitable carrier in order to facilitate effective administration of the composition.

The therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions of the subject invention can also be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with free amino groups such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with free carboxyl groups such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.

The preparation of a pharmacological composition that contains active ingredients dissolved or dispersed therein is well understood in the art and need not be limited based on formulation. Typically such compositions are prepared as injectables either as liquid solutions or suspensions; however, solid forms suitable for solution, or suspensions, in liquid prior to use also can be prepared. The preparation also can be emulsified, such as oil-in-water emulsion.

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention in prescription amounts can be readily made into any form of drug, suitable for administering to humans or animals. Suitable forms include, for example, tinctures, decoctions, and dry extracts. These can be taken orally, applied through venous injection mucous membranes or inhalation. The active ingredient can also be formulated into capsules, powder, pallets, pastille, suppositories, oral solutions, pasteurized gastroenteric suspension injections, small or large amounts of injection, frozen powder injections, pasteurized powder injections and the like.

Routes of Administration

The compounds and compositions of the subject invention can be administered to the subject being treated by standard routes, including oral, inhalation, or parenteral administration including intravenous, subcutaneous, topical, transdermal, intradermal, transmucosal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection, infusion, and electroporation, as well as co-administration as a component of any medical device or object to be inserted (temporarily or permanently) into a subject. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds and compositions of the subject invention are administered orally.

The amount of the therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition of the subject invention which is effective in the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease will depend on the nature of the disease, condition or disorder and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. Illustratively, dosage levels of the administered active ingredients can be: intravenous, 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal, 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg; subcutaneous, 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg; intramuscular, 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg; orally 0.01 to about 200 mg/kg and preferably about 1 to 100 mg/kg; intranasal instillation, 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg; and aerosol, 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg of animal (body) weight.

Once improvement of the patient's condition has occurred, a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced as a function of the symptoms to a level at which the improved condition is retained. When the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may however require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease, condition or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

EXAMPLE

Following is an example that illustrates procedures for practicing the invention. The example should not be construed as limiting.

Example 1 Myricanol Derivatives and Uses Thereof for Reducing Tau Protein Levels

This Example shows myricanol derivatives, their synthetic schemes, and uses for reducing protein tau levels.

(+)-aR,11S-Myricanol extraction from Bayberry root bark Myrica cerifera (Natural Frontier Co-op)

Tau-reducing-guided fractionation study of Myrica cerifera (bay berry root bark) led to the identification (+)-aR,11S-myricanol as a tau destabilizer agent with an IC₅₀ of 35 μM. The bayberry root-bark powder (5×1 kg) was extracted with 5×2 L of toluene under agitation in a (5×) flask protected from light (3×24 h). The filtrate was concentrated and gave 58 g of extract. The toluene extract was purified using silica gel MPLC, eluting with a gradient of 0 to 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes to yield 27 g of (+)-aR,11S-myricanol [a]_(D) ²¹=48.2 (c=1.1, Chloroform).

Derivatization Oxidation

Myricanol (120 mg) was treated in a solution of dichloromethane (10 mL) with 150 mg of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). After 2 h the reaction was treated into ice-water and EtOAc extraction. The organic layer was then extracted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, then dried over MgSO₄ powder and filtered. The residue was then purified by normal phase HPLC using an isocratic solvent mixture of 20% ethyl acetate and 80% hexane to give 20 mg of myricanone.

Dehydration

Myricanol (50 mg) was treated in a solution of 10 mL of toluene with 79 mg of para toluene sulfonic acid. The solution was boiled for 24 h, cooled, diluted with hexane, washed successively with saturated solutions of NaHCO₃ and NaCl, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated. The mixture was purified by a first HPLC using normal phase column in an isocratic solvent mixture of 3% ethyl acetate/hexane. Two fractions were collected. The first eluted fraction was purified by reversed phase HPLC using an isocratic solvent mixture of 32% acetonitrile/water to give 5 mg of pure myricacene A (trans) material and 0.5 mg of myricacene A (cis) and 2 mg of myricacene B (trans). The second fraction was separated using the same reverse phase condition and provided 21 mg and 8 mg of the respective 6-membered-ring and 5-membered ring derivatives [a]_(D) ²¹=0 (c=0.1, Chloroform).

When para toluene sulfonic acid was added at catalytic level (0.3 mg, during 72 hours) after normal and reverse phase HPLC purification: 15 mg of myricacene A (trans), 9 mg of myricacene A (trans), 4 mg of myricacene A (cis), 4 mg of myricacene B (cis), 3 mg of the 6-membered ring derivative and 3 mg of the 5-membered ring derivative.

Each of the 6-membered ring and the 5-membered ring derivatives (shown above) have four possible isomers by the chiral center at position C10 and C12, respectively, and the biphenyl orientation.

During the purification process, the 6-membered ring provided crystal and the X-ray crystallographic analysis provided the relative configuration below:

Methylation

1) Sodium hydride (4 mg) was added to a solution of myricanol (20 mg) in methyl iodide (1 ml) and dimethylacetamide (DMA, 5 ml) at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was kept for 4h at 0° C. then diluted with water and extracted with diethyl ether. The ether extract was washed with water and brine, and was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residue was separated by normal phase HPLC using 45% ethyl acetate and 55% hexane and provided 8 mg of trimethyl myricanol and 5 mg of dimethylmyricanol.

2) 10 mg of myricacene A (trans) was methylated using the same reaction condition and treatment process as the previous reaction. After normal phase HPLC using 25% ethyl acetate and 75% hexane the reaction gave 5 mg of dimethylmyricanone A (trans).

Demethylation

10 mg of myricanol was mixed to 5 mL of dichloromethane (3 mL) then the resulting solution was added to solution of 5 mL dichloromethane and 0.2 mL BBr₃ at −10° C. and stirred under nitrogen for 1 h to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, stirred and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give after reverse phase HPLC (65% water and 35% acetonitrile) 2 mg of 3-hydroxy-myricanol, 3 mg of 4-hydroxy-miricanol and 1 mg of 3,4-dihydroxy-myricanol.

Ozonolysis

1) 3 mg of myricacene A (trans) was added to 5 mL of dichloromethane (3 mL) then under an ozone generator during 30 min. The reaction mixture was then treated by dimethyl sulfide for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and provided 1 mg of dialdehyde A.

2) The same condition as the previous reaction was applied to 3 mg of myricacene B (trans) and gave 0.5 mg dialdehyde A.

Esterification

1) Myricanol (100 mg) was treated with a solution of acetone and palmitoyl chloride (127 μL) with potassium carbonate (193 mg) at room temperature for 15 h. The mixture was then concentrated in Vacuo and fractionated on a silica gel column using MPLC (silica cartridge, Isco Combiflash) with a linear gradient of 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes.

The major compound eluted was myricanol 11-monopalmitate (21 mg) with an optical rotation of [a]_(D) ²¹=44.6 (c=0.9, Chloroform).

2) Myricanol (100 mg) was added to a solution of pyridine (5 ml) and chloroform (3 mL) with palmitic anhydride (500 mg) at room temperature for 48 h. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and fractionated on a silica gel column using MPLC (silica cartridge, Isco Combiflash) with a linear gradient of 0-30% hexane/ethyl Acetate. The major compound eluted was myricanol 17-palmitate Myricanol 5,17-dipalmitate, myricanol 17-palmitate and myricanol 5-palmitate: (+)-S-(60 mg). Myricanol 5-palmitate and myricanol 11,17-dipalmitate were purified using semi-preparative column for normal phase HPLC with a gradient of 0 to 20% Ethyl acetate hexane providing respectively 4 and 6 mg.

3) Myricacene B (E) (10 mg) was added to a solution of pyridine (5 ml) and chloroform (3 mL) with palmitic anhydride (50 mg) at room temperature for 48 h. The mixture was then concentrated in Vacuo and fractionated on a silica gel column using HPLC a linear gradient of 0-30% Hexane/Ethyl Acetate. The major compound eluted was myricacene B (trans) 5 palmitate,

Etherification

The 6-membered-ring derivative (5 mg) and 1 mg of 18-crown-6 were added to a solution of acetonitrile and 1-bromohexadecane (50 μL) with potassium carbonate (193 mg) at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with water and diethyl ether, washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residue was separated on gradient HPLC (0-30% Ethyl acetate in hexane) to afford 2 mg of dihexadecacyloxy 6-membered ring derivative.

To assess the effects of the aqueous bayberry extract on overexpressed and endogenous tau levels, HeLa cells stably transfected with tau were treated with the myricanol derivatives.

Molecular Compound Structure Weight Name/sample names Results  9

338.3539 Demethoxycurcumin active 10

308.3279 Bisdemethoxycurcumin active 11

350.4923 [10]-Gingerol active 18

340.4129 Myricacene A (trans)/Myr-R-9- 4; Myr-16-13-4 active 19

340.4129 Myricacene B (trans)/Myr-R-9- 2-8; Myr-R-16-15 active 21

340.4129 Myricacene A (cis)/Myr-R-9-2-4; Myr-R-16-13-2 moderately active 22

340.4129 Myricacene B (cis)/Myr-R-9-2-6 active 23

340.4129 Myr-R-16-6 very active 24

340.4129 Myr-R-16-4-2 active

The results show that myricanol derivatives myricacene B (cis) (Compound 22) and the 6-membered ring (Compound 23) potently reduce levels of tau proteins, and thus, can be used to treat tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease.

Time-dependent bioassay revealed that the 6-membered-ring derivative (Compound 23) potently reduces protein tau levels upon treatment of HeLa cells for 24 hours. Dose-dependent bioassay revealed that myricacene B (cis) (Compound 22) is a potent tau-reducing compound at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The active synthesized compounds exhibit low toxicity and do not alter the amount of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) levels (they also showed an IC₅₀ against A549>10 μg/mL).

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification. 

1. A method of reducing intracellular tau levels, wherein said method comprises administering, to cells comprising protein tau, an effective amount of a compound of formula G, formula H, or formula I:

wherein each of R₁-R₃ of formula G and formula I is, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond; and wherein each of R₁ and R₂ of formula H is, independently, —H or any group that forms an ester or ether bond; whereby intracellular tau level is reduced.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula G.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula H.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula I.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula G has the following structure:


6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula H has the following structure:


7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I has the following structure:


8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cells are in a subject in need of treatment for a neurodegenerative disease.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is a tauopathy.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the subject is a human.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism, frontotemporal lobe dementia, pallidopontonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system tauopathy, multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia, Wilhelmsen-Lynch disease, Pick's disease, or Pick's disease-like dementia.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease.
 13. A compound of formula G, formula H, or formula I:

wherein each of R₁-R₃ of formula G and formula I is, independently, any group that forms an ester or ether bond; and wherein each of R₁ and R₂ of formula H is, independently, any group that forms an ester or ether bond.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula G.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula H.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the compound has a chemical structure of formula I. 